Our Youngest Citizens: Living and Learning Democracy in Early Childhood Classrooms
Meredith Dodd
Meredith Dodd is an early childhood and teacher educator. While a Head Teacher in the Nursery School at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, Meredith focused on the craft of pedagogical documentation. She thinks deeply about the role children have in democracy, cultivated by her connection to her Kanienkéha:ka (Mohawk) ancestral homelands of the Six Nations of the Grand River. Meredith learned about the incredible influence the Kanienkéha:ka, and all the Nations within the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, had on the creation of democratic thinking and governing structures of the United States. Meredith’s passion is to support people of all ages to open the doors of self-acceptance, self-love and to know how it feels to belong, the essence of living fully in a democracy.
What happens in early childhood classrooms is more than preparing children for adult life; children are doing much more than just practicing how to become citizens in society. Children are active participants in the cultures that define and impact the governing structures of their nation.
In the United States, schools are the connective places where children from a diversity of backgrounds come to learn not only academics, but the democratic cultural practices and values of the nation. Therefore, educators in the United States are inherently democratic cultural practitioners. Each educator plays a role in the nation’s cultural expression through school programming, pedagogy and practices for daily participation in the U.S. constitutional democracy.
If schools are key to learning the culture of a nation's democracy, then early childhood educators are its gatekeepers. Early childhood programs are essentially spaces where a culture of care and democratic thinking develop together, setting the stage for children’s understanding of themselves as citizens within a democratic community.
That’s a whole nation of grown women and men, who are acknowledging a six-year-old boy…So you know what that little boy must feel like? That his whole nation loves him. That he has a place in his own nation. And they’re all doing this for him. So there’s a lot of power there. And that’s what they’re teaching him.
–Sakokweniónkwas Tom Porter (Porter, 2008)
Children engage in everyday democracy through their schools’ and teachers’ interpretations of democratic ideals of freedom, community, equity and justice. How teachers care for and educate children in their classrooms—how they talk to and care for each other—reflects their own experiences and understandings of how they value democracy and live democratically. Early childhood educators are one of the essential culture bearers for children’s democratic development. As such, the profession and each educator is obligated to look at their practices and themselves.
The rights of children must, importantly, include the right to be themselves and to talk for themselves.
–Nelson Mandela (2003)
One School Community: University of Chicago Lab School
The University of Chicago Lab School, where I taught for the majority of my career, was founded by John Dewey in 1898. Loris Malaguzzi, the founder of the Italian-based Reggio Emilia Approach (REA), was inspired by Dewey’s belief that learning is an active process, not a transmission of a prepackaged curriculum. The school is also influenced by the philosophy of American educators Frances and David Hawkins, protégés of John Dewey. The Hawkinses and Malaguzzi shared the belief that teaching requires students and teachers to learn together through a variety of relationships with subject matter.
The ideas of Dewey, the Hawkinses and Malaguzzi represent a philosophical triangle whose core educational ideas are straightforward. In order to know how and what to teach with a particular group of students, the teacher needs to be curious alongside the children “messing about,” listening to what the children already know (Hawkins, 1965).
Reggio Emilia Approach
The Reggio Emilia Approach considers children citizens of the school and larger community. Children’s ways of knowing the world, their ideas and expressions of knowledge are essential assets for partnering with educators, families and the community. The schools of Reggio Emilia were founded upon democratic pillars and social constructivist practices.
In their work, the teachers of Reggio have struggled to raise the emancipatory potential of democracy, by giving each child possibilities to function as an active citizen and to have the possibility of a good life in a democratic community.
-Rinaldi (2021)
The Reggio Emilia Approach and the Deweys
Malaguzzi and the early pioneers of the Reggio Emilia Approach drew upon a range of thinkers, among them Piaget, Vygotsky, Freire and the American educational philosophers, John Dewey and Alice Chipman Dewey. Through their writing, teaching and practical methodological suggestions (McEwan & Bull, 1991), the Deweys in particular explored connections between school, society, democracy and art (Dewey, 1934), communication (Hook, 1950) and the lived experience of the child (Gandini, 1993).
We must learn how the school may be connected with life so that the experience gained by the child in a familiar, commonplace way is carried over and made use of there, and what the child learns in the school is carried back and applied in everyday life, making the school an organic whole, instead of a composite of isolated parts.
-Dewey (1907)
The Reggio Emilia Approach is an ever-evolving, responsive way of teaching. The Approach interprets Dewey’s vision of teaching and learning as an organic system of reciprocity, much like a game of ball where the child throws a ball one way to the teacher and the teacher throws it back another way (Inviting Children’s Creativity - a Story of Reggio Emilia, Italy | ChildCareExchange.com, n.d.). This game of ball keeps the players fresh to interpret and integrate alternate techniques learned outside that particular ballpark (Edwards et al., 2015). The Reggio Approach recognizes that cultural and societal changes impact what is learned and how it is taught. In fact, the REA school environments are designed for children to be active participants in the production of culture and knowledge within the school and the larger community.
Schools provide children the opportunity to learn and practice democracy throughout their lives as students. In Reggio Emilia, the primary role of teachers is to communicate a robust image of the child as a person with thoughts, desires, competencies and perceptions of their experiences. The student forms an image of themselves as a democratic participant through their collection of experiences in school. The educator’s teaching methodology is informed each year by the nature of the group and the particular children that comprise it.
The democracy we practice in early childhood classrooms does not look the same as the democracy we think of when we celebrate the Fourth of July or cast a vote. As children progress through school, they will learn facts and concepts related to government and history. In early childhood, however, the questions asked, the possibilities considered and thinking together are the most important part of learning democracy. It is a sharing of power in the name of living together with respect.
A democracy is more than a form of government; it is primarily a mode of associated living, of conjoint communicated experience.
–Dewey (1926)
In my classroom, respect means we think together, we participate in taking turns to voice our ideas, listen to other people’s perspectives, raise additional issues to consider and negotiate solutions. To be successful, democracy must be inclusive. The classroom becomes a sacred space for a culture of care that learns about our roles and responsibilities within our shared world.
My intention is to offer a place where children are valued meaning-makers. Educators play a role in creating the kind of relationships that support a democratic community within the classroom. Our choices for school and curriculum design reflect our image of children, our understanding of democracy, the role of the child in the democracy and the future outcomes we hope for children in this democracy.
These democratic ideals are especially relevant to young children in early childhood classrooms:
1. Freedom
People, including children, have rights. We all should be free to make choices and determine our own future within a context of community.
2. Community
People in a community care for each other and make decisions together. Everyone has a voice in our decisions. Sometimes decisions are made by voting, consensus and negotiation.
3. Equity
In a democracy, everyone has fair access to opportunities and resources. Everyone is included.
4. Justice
When something goes wrong, everyone has a responsibility to help make it right. We are always learning and growing. Where there is injustice, we must speak out and act.
Democracy is evident in how the children play and inquire. Children have a great capacity to accept, acknowledge, forgive, reflect and grow together as a group. Their confidence and openness come from curiosity. The most important parts of learning democracy are the questions asked and the resolve to act. The broader message to the children is this: Democracy is important. The way we relate to each other and work together matters.
References
C. (2018, April 17). Influence On Democracy - Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Haudenosaunee Confederacy. https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/influence-on-democracy/
Democracy Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary. (n.d.). https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/democracy
Derman-Sparks, L., Olsen Edwards, J., & Goins, C. M. (2020). Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves, Second Edition (2nd ed.). NAEYC. https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/books/anti-bias-education
Dewey, J. (1907). The School and Society. University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, J. (1926). Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education.
Dewey, J. (1934). Art as Experience.
Edwards, C., Gandini, L., & Nimmo, J. (2015). Loris Malaguzzi and the Teachers: Dialogues on Collaboration and Conflict among Children, Reggio Emilia 1990. Zea E-Books, 29.
Gandini, L. (1993). Fundamentals of the Reggio Emilia Approach to Early Childhood Education. Young Children, 49(1), 4–8. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ474815
Hawkins, D. (1965). Messing About in Science. National Science Teachers Association, Science and Children, 2(5), 1–4.
Hook, S. (1950). John Dewey, Philosopher of Science and Freedom: A Symposium.
Inviting Children’s Creativity - A Story of Reggio Emilia, Italy | ChildCareExchange.com. (n.d.). http://exchangepress.com/article/inviting-childrens-creativity-a-story-of-reggio-emilia-italy/5008538/
McEwan, H., & Bull, B. L. (1991). The Pedagogic Nature of Subject Matter Knowledge. American Educational Research Journal, 28(2), 316–334. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312028002316
Messing About. (n.d.). Hawkins Centers of Learning. https://www.hawkinscenters.org/messing-about.html
Paley, V. G. (1986). On Listening to What the Children Say. Harvard Educational Review, 56(2), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.56.2.p775487x30tk69m8
Porter, Tom, and Lesley Forrester. And Grandma Said ... Iroquois Teachings : As Passed down through the Oral Tradition. Philadelphia, Pa.] Xlibris Corp, 2008.
Rinaldi, C. (2020). The child as citizen: holder of rights and competent. The Reggio Emilia educational experience. Miscellanea Historica-Iuridica, 19(1), 11–22. https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1945364
Rinaldi, C. (2021). In Dialogue with Reggio Emilia: Listening, Researching and Learning. Contesting Early Childhood.